NEW YORK - Mr Joe Lieberman, Connecticut’s four-term US senator, died on March 27 in New York. He was 82.

He was vice-president Al Gore’s Democratic running mate in the 2000 presidential election, which was won by Mr George W. Bush and Mr Dick Cheney when the United States Supreme Court halted a Florida ballot recount.

His family said in a statement that the cause of his death was complications of a fall. His brother-in-law Ary Freilich said that Mr Lieberman’s fall occurred at his home in the Bronx and that he died at New York-Presbyterian Hospital in Upper Manhattan.

At his political peak, on the threshold of the vice-presidency, Mr Lieberman – a national voice of morality as the first major Democrat to rebuke President Bill Clinton for his sexual relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky – was named Mr Gore’s running mate at the Democratic National Convention in August 2000 in Los Angeles. He became the nation’s first Jewish candidate on a major-party presidential ticket.

In the ensuing campaign, the Gore-Lieberman team stressed themes of integrity to sidestep the Clinton administration’s scandals, and Mr Lieberman urged Americans to bring religion and faith more prominently into public life.

The ticket won a narrow plurality of the popular votes – a half-million more than the Bush-Cheney Republican ticket. But on the evening of Election Day, no clear winner had emerged in the Electoral College, and an intense legal struggle took centre stage.

After weeks of dispute, it came down to the results in Florida, where fewer than 600 votes appeared to separate the opposing candidates. In an unsigned landmark decision on Dec 12, the US Supreme Court ruled, 5-4, that different standards of recounting in different counties had violated the equal protection clause of the Constitution and ordered an end to the recounts. The decision effectively awarded Florida’s 25 electoral votes, and the presidency, to Mr Bush.

“It was a miscarriage of justice on two levels,” Mr Lieberman said in a 2023 interview for this obituary. “One was that the Florida Supreme Court had already ruled in our favour to continue the recounts, and the other was that it was an extrajudicial political decision made in the crisis of a transition of power, and out of line with precedents of the Supreme Court.”

Mr Lieberman sought the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination but lost multiple primaries and withdrew from the race in February. He believed his support for the war in Iraq had doomed his candidacy.

Even his standing with Connecticut voters had slipped. Running for a fourth Senate term in 2006, he lost the Democratic primary to an anti-war candidate but won in a stunning upset in the general election as a third-party independent on the “Connecticut for Lieberman” ballot line.

With his presidential hopes in tatters, Mr Lieberman in 2008 attended the Republican National Convention and endorsed his friend, Senator John McCain of Arizona, for the presidency. Mr McCain had Mr Lieberman vetted as a possible running mate but ultimately chose Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska and lost the election to Senator Barack Obama.

Mr Lieberman, a virtual outcast in his own party, had stopped attending Democratic Senate caucuses. But after a humbling meeting with the Senate majority leader, Mr Harry Reid, he was allowed to keep his Homeland Security Committee chairmanship and resumed caucusing with the party.

Approaching Senate retirement, he endorsed no one in the 2012 presidential election, but he supported Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in her presidential run against Donald Trump in 2016 and Vice-President Joe Biden in his victory over Trump in 2020.

During his Senate tenure from 1989 to 2013, Mr Lieberman was an independent who wore no labels easily. He called himself a reform, centrist and moderate Democrat, but he generally sided with the Democrats on domestic issues, like abortion choices and civil rights, and with the Republicans on foreign and defence policies.

He supported Israel and called himself an “observant” Jew but not an Orthodox one because he did not follow strict Orthodox practices. His family kept a kosher home and attended Sabbath services. To avoid conveyances on a Sabbath, he once walked across town to the Capitol to block a Republican filibuster after attending services in Georgetown.

Many Democrats criticised Mr Lieberman’s support for the war in Iraq, but admirers said his strengths with voters lay in his rectitude, his religious faith and his willingness to compromise.

“He may be a thoroughgoing moderate in his politics, but he is a true conservative in temperament and style,” The New Yorker said in a 2002 profile. “His world is an orderly place where people wait in line, take their turns and generally behave themselves.”

After the terrorist attacks of Sept 11, 2001, Mr Lieberman led the Senate effort to create a new Department of Homeland Security, a Cabinet agency that consolidated 22 federal entities to counter-terrorism and coordinate responses to natural disasters. He was named chair of the new Senate Committee on Homeland Security in 2003.

He also cast the 60th and deciding vote under Senate rules to pass Mr Obama’s Affordable Care Act in 2010 – the most important package of health care legislation since the creation of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965.

“As a Democrat, Joe wasn’t afraid to engage with senators from across the aisle and worked hard to earn votes from outside his party,” Mr Bush said in a statement after Mr Lieberman’s death. “He engaged in serious and thoughtful debate with opposing voices on important issues.”

A Yale-educated lawyer, Mr Lieberman began his political career in 1970 by unseating Mr Ed Marcus, the Connecticut state Senate’s Democratic majority leader. He credited a young Yale law student on his staff, Mr Bill Clinton, with engineering his crucial primary victory.

After a decade in the state Senate, the last six years of which he was the Democratic majority leader, Mr Lieberman lost a race for a seat in the House of Representatives in 1980. Three years later, he was elected attorney-general of Connecticut, the first to hold the post full time. In that office, he defended consumer and environmental protections and was re-elected in 1986, but he left the job after winning his first Senate race in 1989.

In the Senate, he supported free trade and unions and led a campaign against sex and violence in video games. The effort generated a video ratings system in the 1990s and national publicity for Mr Lieberman.

His campaign for a second term in 1994 scored the largest landslide ever in a Connecticut Senate race: He collected 67 per cent of the ballots and buried his foe by 350,000 votes. For six years, he was chair of the Democratic Leadership Council. And in 1998, when Mr Clinton’s affair with Ms Lewinsky broke, Mr Lieberman chastised the president publicly.

“It was a very hard thing for me to do because I liked him,” he told Mr Bill Kristol, a neoconservative commentator. “But I really felt what he did was awful.” A remorseful Mr Clinton later called Mr Lieberman, saying, “I just want you to know that there’s nothing you said in that speech that I disagree with.”

In 2000, while running for the vice-presidency on Mr Gore’s ticket, Mr Lieberman simultaneously won a third term in the Senate handily, with 64 per cent of the vote, turning back a challenge from Republican Philip Giordano. But six years later, Mr Lieberman hit a wall seeking a fourth term. Mr Ned Lamont, a Greenwich businessperson and critic of the Iraq War, won 52 per cent of the vote in a primary.

Ordinarily, losing a primary is a death knell: Campaign donations dry up, colleagues and the press turn away, and the loser drops out or runs as an independent.

However, Mr Lieberman refused to give up. Many voters saw the race as a referendum on Mr Bush, whose claims that President Saddam Hussein of Iraq had weapons of mass destruction had been disproved, suggesting that he had taken the nation to war under false pretenses. With wide Republican endorsements, Mr Lieberman easily defeated Mr Lamont in the general election for one last Senate term.

Mr Lieberman was also instrumental in Mr Obama’s successful 2010 effort to repeal a 17-year-old “don’t ask, don’t tell” armed forces policy, which had forced gay and lesbian service members to be closeted or face discharges.

On Jan 2, 2013, Mr Lieberman gave a parting address in the Senate. “It was a lonely farewell,” The Washington Post said. “As Mr Lieberman plodded through his speech, thanking everybody from his wife to the Capitol maintenance crews, a few long-time friends trickled in.” They included Senators Susan Collins, John Kerry and McCain.

“The sparse attendance wasn’t unusual for a farewell speech,” the Post said, “but it was a sad send-off for a man who was very close in 2000 to becoming a major figure in American political history as the first Jew on a major party’s national ticket. He was denied the vice-presidency not by the voters but by the Supreme Court.”

Joseph Isadore Lieberman was born in Stamford, Connecticut, on Feb 24, 1942, the eldest of three children of Henry and Marcia (Manger) Lieberman. His father owned a liquor store while his mother managed the home.

Mr Lieberman and his sisters, Rietta and Ellen, grew up in a working-class section of Stamford. He attended Burdick Junior High School and Stamford High School, where he was elected president of his sophomore and senior classes, joined a debating club and was salutatorian of the class of 1960.

At Yale, he majored in political science and economics, joined the NAACP and the Democratic Party and was the editor, chair and chief editorial writer of The Yale Daily News, writing about defending the civil rights of black Southerners. He graduated magna cum laude with a bachelor’s degree in 1964 and received his law degree from Yale in 1967.

While attending Yale in 1963, Mr Lieberman became part of the first large group of northern white students to travel south for the cause of civil rights, joining a caravan of more than 65 young people on an over 2,000km trip from New Haven, Connecticut, to Mississippi, where they encouraged black residents there to register to vote, all while enduring harassment by white segregationists.

The episode became a rich part of his political biography during the 2000 campaign with Mr Gore, and Mr Gore referred to it in a statement on March 27 evening, saying of Mr Lieberman: “When he was about to travel to the South to join the civil rights movement in the 1960s, he wrote: ‘I am going because there is much work to be done. I am an American. And this is one nation, or it is nothing.’ Those are the words of a champion of civil rights and a true patriot, which is why I shared that quote when I announced Joe as my running mate.”

Mr Lieberman’s marriage in 1965 to Ms Betty Haas ended in divorce in 1982. That same year, he married Ms Hadassah Freilich Tucker, a daughter of Holocaust survivors. He is survived by his wife; two children from his first marriage, Matthew and Rebecca Lieberman; a daughter from his second marriage, Hana Lieberman; a stepson from his second marriage, Ethan Tucker; two sisters, Rietta Miller and Ellen Lieberman; and 13 grandchildren.

After leaving the Senate in 2013, Mr Lieberman moved to the Bronx and joined the Manhattan law firm Kasowitz, Benson, Torres & Friedman, which specialised in white-collar defence. Its clients included Trump during his years as a bankruptcy-troubled casino magnate.

In recent years, Mr Lieberman helped lead the bipartisan political organisation No Labels as its founding chair and, recently, as its co-chair.

In 2017, Trump interviewed Mr Lieberman for the position of FBI director, to replace the fired Mr James Comey, but Mr Lieberman withdrew from consideration. He criticised Trump’s retreat from the Paris climate change accords and his handling of the coronavirus pandemic. After Trump lost his 2020 re-election bid, Mr Lieberman rejected the former president’s false claims that he had won.

In an interview with CNN weeks later, Mr Lieberman denounced Trump as a threat to democracy. “Trump lost by seven million votes, and he’s hurting our democracy, and frankly hurting himself with this crazy business,” Mr Lieberman said. “It’s a terrible thing he’s doing. There is no evidence of fraud.” NYTIMES